HANDBOOK FOR SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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PART Ⅰ A REVIEW OF ESSENTIALS1

CHAPTER 1 BASIC PHOTOGRAPHY3

Black-and-White Films3

Panchromatic Films4

Orthochromatic Films4

Non-Color-Sensitive Films4

The Basis of Correct Exposure4

Film Speed4

Functions of Diaphragm and Shutter5

Selection of Camera Settings6

The Reciprocity Law6

The Inverse-Square Law9

Exposure Determination9

Light Metering10

Flash Calculations10

Black-and-White Film Development12

Roll Films12

Sheet Films13

Time and Temperature13

Agitation14

Negative Quality14

Black-and-White Printing16

Variables in Printing16

Control Methods in Printing17

Points of Technique22

Print Quality22

Color Film Processing24

CHAPTER 2 CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT25

Cameras25

Shutters26

Small Cameras27

Large Cameras31

Camera Supports34

PART Ⅱ GENERAL TECHNIQUES37

CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUNDS39

Plain White Backgrounds39

Black Backgrounds43

Plain Grey Backgrounds44

Natural Backgrounds46

CHAPTER 4 LIGHTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBJECTS47

General Considerations47

Techniques52

Reflector-Diuser Lighting52

Direct Lighting54

Axial and Near-Axial Lighting54

Transmitted Light63

Dark-Field Lighting63

CHAPTER 5 FILTERS IN BLACK-AND-WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY69

Types of Filters70

Color Filters70

Polarizing Filters73

Neutral-Density Filters77

Filter Factors79

CHAPTER 6 SMALL-OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY81

Closeup Flash Photography82

Magnification82

Lens Aperture83

Flash-to-Subject Distance86

Synchronization87

Color Correction88

Summary of Procedure88

Increasing the Magnification89

Photomacrography91

Obtaining Known Magnifications93

Principal Plane of Focus94

Preserving Magnification while Adjusting95

Depth of Field95

Working Distance97

Perspective97

Lighting99

Calculation of Exposure100

Flash Lighting102

Control of Movement and Vibration103

Indicators of Scale103

CHAPTER 7 HIGH-RESOLUTION 35 mm PHOTOGRAPHY105

Camera Equipment106

Cameras106

Lenses106

Camera Handling108

Motion Control108

Exposure Accuracy109

Films and Processing109

Films109

Processing110

Printing110

Enlargers and Lenses110

Choice of Negative111

The Negative Carrier111

Focusing the Image112

Vibration112

CHAPTER 8 STEREO PHOTOGRAPHY113

Basic Principles114

Base Separation114

Axis Alignment115

Techniques116

Casual Stereo116

Normal Stereo117

Closeup Stereo117

Photomacrographic Stereo117

Exaggerated Stereo119

Viewing Methods119

Optical Viewers119

Tube Viewing119

Direct Viewing120

CHAPTER 9 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY122

Compound Microscopes123

Dissecting Microscopes123

Student Microscopes123

Research Microscopes124

Photo Microscopes124

Lenses124

Objectives125

Oculars126

Illuminators126

Cameras128

Films130

Panchromatic Films130

Orthochromatic Films130

High-Contrast Films132

Color Films132

Polaroid Land Films132

Special-Purpose Films134

Filters134

Color Filters136

Color-Conversion and Color-Correction Filters136

Didymium Glass Filter138

Neutral-Density Filters138

Exposure Determination140

Common Problems in Photomicrography142

Photomicrography with Simple Equipment145

Camera Lens On145

Camera Lens Off148

Kohler-System Photomicrography148

Numerical Aperture and Film Size150

Subsidiary Techniques154

Dark-Field Lighting154

Rheinberg Lighting156

Deliberately Uneven Lighting157

Polarization Technique157

Stereo Photomicrography158

Rolling Focus158

Low-Power Photomicrography160

CHAPTER 10 REPAIRING FAULTS IN NEGATIVES AND PRINTS169

Types of Artifacts170

Dust and Lint170

Marks on Transparent Containers170

Condensation on Glassware171

Retouching，Spotting，and Treating Negatives and Prints171

Enhancing Backgrounds172

Removing Spots and Scratch Marks from Negatives and Prints176

CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY178

Films178

Color Correction178

Reciprocity Failure179

Quality179

Backgrounds180

Colors Usable180

Effects of Colored Backgrounds180

Lighting181

Filters181

Color Temperature181

Types of Filters182

Filter Factors183

PART Ⅲ SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS185

CHAPTER 12 GENERAL PROBLEMS187

Control of Reflections187

The Law of Reflection187

Reflections on the Subject188

Museum-Case Photography189

Aquarium Photography190

Motion Control191

Camera Motion191

Subject Motion193

Spherical and Cylindrical Objects193

Hairs and Hairlike Processes194

Black Objects196

Monochromatic Colors198

CHAPTER 13 SPECIFIC SUBJECT MATTER199

Laboratory Apparatus and Equipment199

Metal Objects199

Glass202

Electronics202

Art Objects and Anthropological Artifacts204

Coins204

Paintings and Other Flat Art206

Points and Other Tools206

Pottery and Other Dishware208

Sculpture208

Botanical Subjects210

Potted Plants210

Leaves and Plant Parts211

Herbarium Sheets213

Dish Cultures213

Colony Cultures214

Precipitation Bands214

Plaques216

Fossils216

Stony Fossils216

Amber Inclusions220

Geological Specimens220

Thin Sections220

Crystals221

Casts and Impressions222

Casts222

Impressions223

Replicas224

Insect Materials224

Eggs226

Larvae228

Pupae228

Beetles229

Transparent-Winged Insects232

Pinned Insects232

Moths and Butterflies234

Insect Galleries in Wood234

Silk Deposits237

Leaf and Needle Miners237

Tiny Active Adults237

Invisible Subjects241

People244

Portraits244

People as Types，or at Work247

Tubes248

Tube Slants248

Liquids in Tubes251

Precipitation Bands251

Objects in Tubes251

Zoological Subjects252

Anesthetized Specimens252

Bird Skins254

Bones and Teeth254

Living Animals256

Preserved Specimens260

Visceral Preparations260

PART Ⅳ RELATED TECHNIQUES265

CHAPTER 14 COPYING267

Copyright © 2025  最新更新

Lighting268

Line Copy268

Continuous-Tone Copy270

Copying in Color270

Copying Color Transparencies to Black-and-White271

Slide Duplication273

Copying Tightly Bound Book Pages273

CHAPTER 15 SLIDE MAKING275

Standards for Slide Originals275

Copying on Polaroid Land Slide Films276

Copying on 35 mm Color Films276

Copying for Slides with Black-and-White Negative Materials277

Line Copy277

Continuous-Tone Copy278

Direct Positive Black-and-White Slides278

Producing Line Slides in Color279

Use of Color Originals279

Negative Slides279

Negative Prints，Copied280

Double-Exposed Color/Black-and-White280

CHAPTER 16 PRINTING OLD NEGATIVES282

Background282

Film Negatives283

Glass Negatives283

Conditions Affecting the Printability of Old Negatives284

Printing Methods286

PART Ⅴ FINAL PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION AND VIEWING289

CHAPTER 17 PREPARING PHOTOGRAPHS FOR PUBLICATION291

Publishers’Standards291

Paper Surface and Type292

To Mount，or Not292

Adhesives for Print Mounting292

Mounting of Prints for Plates293

Conventional Black-and-White Prints293

Conventional Color Prints294

Resin-Coated Papers294

Polaroid Land Prints294

Layout of Multiple Plates295

Labeling of Prints295

Indicators of Scale295

Lettering on Prints with Ink296

Application of Printed Labels296

Rub-on Lettering296

Use of Overlays in Labeling Photographs296

Protection of Plates after Make-up297

Presentation of Color Transparencies to Publishers297

Packaging for Presentation297

Use of Drawings or Photo Copies in Layout and Labeling297

Packing of Prints and Slides for Shipping298

CHAPTER 18 MOUNTING PRINTS FOR WALL DISPLAY299

Mounting Moderate-Sized Prints on Boards299

Color of Mounting Board300

Edging of Prints300

Framing Moderate-Sized Prints301

Frames301

Matting Prints for Framing301

Bleed Mounting302

Group Mounts302

Mounting Very Large Prints302

BIBLIOGRAPHY303

INDEX309